Leisner is also not convincing when he argues that what is decisive is not scientific and geographical terminology but rather the legal definition of the essential attributes of State territory. The positioning of dykes results in the enlargement of existing State territory by the acquisition of a new piece of the surface of the earth directly adjacent to existing State territory, which assumes the same status as that territory.
Leisner is correct in his view that the size of a people is irrelevant to the question of whether or not it constitutes a State Leisner, loc. The State, as an amalgamation of many individuals, complements the family, which consists of only a few members, and has the duty to promote community life. This duty does not merely consist of the promotion of a loose association aimed at the furtherance of common hobbies and interests.
Rather it must be aimed at the maintenance of an essentially permanent form of communal life in the sense of sharing a common destiny Herzog, Allgemeine Staatslehre, , p. The life of the State is not limited to the provision of casinos and places of entertainment.
Rather a State community must play a more decisive role in serving the other vital human needs of people from their birth to their death. These needs include education and professional training, assistance in all the eventualities of life and the provision of subsistence allowances where necessary. The pretention of an entity to represent a State, and even recognition by other States, is not, in the eyes of the law, sufficient on its own to make it a State within the meaning of international law.
From the very beginning of the proceedings before the Court, Yugoslavia challenged the statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The equals-mark that is being placed between suprema potestas and independence [Island of Las Palmas case, R. A State in the international legal sense cannot and must not comply with alien political decisions regardless of whether such compliance has a formal or informal basis.
Lauterpacht, Recognition in International Law, , p. The intention to establish genuine authority is no more than a political project, an intellectual construction that has not materialized. That intention has to be realized and this implies, inter alia, the existence of an institutional network suitable for and capable of implementing its decisions throughout the State territory.
These two segments of sovereignty constitute an organic whole. As for their mutual relationship, summa potestas has the character of a prior assumption as, for an entity to constitute an independent State, it is essential that it should have come into existence as a State—from the theoretical standpoint suprema potestas is the qualifying condition of existence of an independent State, the differentia specifica between independent and dependent States.
It follows from the relevant facts that the proclamation of the Republic of the Serb People and of the Croatian Community of Herceg Bosna merely formalized the dissolution of the state apparatus of the federal unit of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its replacement by the appropriate structures of the three ethnic communities.
The recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina is frequently, explicitly or implicitly, used as an argument in support of the existence of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a sovereign and independent State within the administrative boundaries of the former Yugoslav federal unit. Polish State, 5 A. In the spirit of the ruling, declarative theory, the recognition of States should be a statement of the factual situation formed leges artis in harmony with the relevant legal rules on the emergence of new States.
Hence, it is necessary to see which criteria are relevant for the recognition of new States. Une O. Protection fonctionnelle voir CIJ, avis , p. Bank Tejarat. Le Ministre de P. Ce document, « [a] […] une valeur normative. Or, la C. XV, p. But we do not consider that the participation of the soldiers in the murder at Angangueo can be regarded as acts of soldiers committed in their private capacity when it is clear that at the time of the commission of these acts the men were on duty under the immediate supervision and in the presence of a commanding officer.
Soldiers inflicting personal injuries or committing wanton destruction or looting always act in disobedience of some rules laid down by superior authority. There could be no liability whatever for such misdeeds if the view were taken that any acts committed by soldiers in contravention of instructions must always be considered as personal acts » Youmans U.
The official records with regard to the action taken to apprehend and punish the slayer speak for themselves. Eight years have elapsed since the murder, and it does not appear from the records that Carbajal has been apprehended at this time. Or conclusions to the effect that the Mexican Affaire « Caire » France c.
Mexique , sentence arbitrale du 7 juin , R. A reasoning based on presumed complicity may have some sound foundation in cases of non prevention where a Government knows of an intended injurious crime, might have averted it, but for some reason constituting its liability did not do so.
The present case is different ; it is one of non repression. Nobody contends either that the Mexican Government might have prevented the murder of Janes, or that it acted in any other form of connivance with the murderer. The international delinquency in this case is one of its own specific type, separate from the private delinquency of the culprit. The culprit is liable for having killed or murdered an American national ; the Government is liable for not having measured up to its duty of diligently prosecuting and properly punishing the offender » Celui-ci, ravi de pouvoir enfin placer M.
Les c. Tout autre est la question de savoir si la notion subsiste ou bien en tant que c. Ni la C. France , sentence arbitrale du 30 avril , R. Si le f. France , C. C 84, p. USA , la C. Usage de la force : Art. Bref, il est admis que le C. Toutes ces mesures sont circonscrites aux articles 41 et En effet, le C.
Cette formule magique, qui comporte la sous-traitance par le C. Recueil, p. Tout point de droit international ; c. New Delhi, le 15 septembre ». Voir supra, p. Par lettre en date du 15 mars , Son excellence M. Paris, le 24 mars Article 2 Les Gouvernements contractants constituent une commission inter. Article 3 La Commission exerce les attributions suivantes : a. Elle examine toutes autres questions concernant la pollution des eaux. C II, p. Au moment de la ratification de la C. Notons, au passage, que P.
Ripoter choisit de se lancer dans la vente internationale de chaudrons. Malheureusement, la justice de G. Lou Demaire dut ainsi payer plusieurs milliers de cocks la monnaie nationale de C. Demaire et dans un second temps si P. Si toute le monde en G. Le Gouvernement de J. Le Premier Ministre de J. Rapidement cependant le peuple de J. Bien que C. Inquiet le Gouvernement de H. Le patron de cette organisation rendait simplement des comptes, une fois par mois, au cabinet du Premier Ministre de H.
Gel Milson. Elle vivait depuis son mariage dans la capitale de H. Elle et son mari avaient acquis une maison sur les plages de H. Telle ne fut pas sa surprise lorsque le tribunal de police rejeta sa demande aux motifs que les Tribunaux de B. La tension atteint son paroxysme lorsque B. Cependant, H. A cette fin, H. Leflou de parents dreamlandais. Voir jurisprudence pertinente supra, p.
Citez la jurisprudence pertinente! Laquelle de ces dispositions faut-il appliquer? Quid alors? Comme pour toute c. Ce qui est absolument injustifiable au regard du droit international. Royaume-Uni c. Un dernier mot encore sur la teneur de la clause compromissoire. Nicaragua c. How can be told whether the treaties speak in affirmation of the law or in derogation from it? On the one hand, the repetition of instances might be thought to reflect a customary usage, while on the other, the very existence of the treaties may indicate that the parties had assumed duties to which they would not have been subject in the absence of an agreement » BAXTER, Richard R.
A 10, pp. Turquie : C. Recueil Vol. Une coutume qui ne remplit pas ces conditions ne peut pas devenir un principe de droit international. But the position in contemporary international law is completely different. Aliens and even stateless persons are on a par with nationals in that all enjoy these rights not by virtue of their particular status but purely and simply as human beings.
In the recent international recognition of the right of the individual, nationality does not enter into consideration. This means that the alien has been internationally recognised as a legal person independent of his State: he is a true subject of international rights » Premier Rapport de F. Le 23 mai , le « Neptuna », porte-avions battant pavillon hippolandais fit escale dans le port de Algas, capitale de P.
En droit interne, on peut aussi invalider des contrats pour des erreurs essentielles. Les articles 51 et 52 sur la contrainte et la coercition sont des articles de grande importance. Ces articles portent donc sur la contrainte. Cependant on se trompe. On les trouve aux articles 35 et La Convention de Vienne a fait son choix en faveur du texte.
Il y a donc trois termes :. Il y a une pratique assez riche. Il y a deux types de violation :. Ainsi, la Convention de Vienne distingue trois cas de figures :. La convention estime que lorsque toutes les autres parties agissent de concert le risque est quasi nul. Cette relation est multiple est riche. Une coutume permettait au Portugal de rejoindre ses enclaves et notamment celle de Goa en Inde.
La question est de savoir si la preuve indirecte est admise en droit international? Pour quelles raisons adopte-t-on du soft law? Dans des normes de conduite on peut proposer beaucoup de choses et engager nombreux acteurs.
Les sources du droit international. Lauterpacht », 43 :1 A.
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